Through the poems Essay Example For Students

Through the poems Essay Describe the conditions on the battlefield in of World War One as conveyed through the poems Dulce et Decorum est, Anthem for Doomed Youth both by Wilfred Owen and from: Counter-Attack by Siegried Sassoon. In this essay I will look at three poems Dulce et Decorum est by Wilfred Owen, Anthem for Doomed Youth also by Wilfred Owen and from: Counter-Attack by Siegfried Sassoon. In the above poems I will try to find different conditions that soldiers in the First World War had to suffer through on the battlefield as they fought for their beloved country. The first condition I will look at is death in Dulce et Decorum est the words used to depict death are guttering, choking, drowning The effect of this is the contrast between the battlefield and water the soldiers are not near any water, but are drowning. However the effect of a gas attack would cause the soldiers to drown internally on their own blood so this is why these hard sounding words have been used. The words are very effective conveying the conditions on the battlefield as they show the true grim and horrific results of a gas attack. We will write a custom essay on Through the poems specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Death is featured further down the poem in the fourth stanza His hanging face, like a devils sick of sin; The method used here s irony; in the quote the devil is sick of sin. However the devil is supposed to cause sin. This quote is of great importance as it implies the frightful conditions soldiers are enduring as they fight and then die on the battlefield. In Anthem for Doomed Youth death is written in a different light it is showing the soldiers families mourning for their deaths. The first line in the poem What passing-bells for these who die as cattle? is using a simile to convey the conditions on the battlefield. The men are referred to as cattle being rounded up ready to fight and then be brutally killed with no concern given to any individual man. Having soldiers compared to cattle is a very good choice of language as cattle obey every command they are given, as the soldiers would have done without a second thought as they were sent to fight. from: Counter-attack has death shown in its true horror The place was rotten with dead, Imagery is used here to give the image of masses of men slowly decomposing in the trenches and on the battlefield. The lines sound like they should say the place was rotting with dead but The place was rotten with dead gives the effect that the soldiers must have been lying in the trenches for some time to have rotten. Nevertheless the length of the war and terrible conditions like disease and vermin would have made the soldiers rot quicker. Disease is found in Dulce et Decorum est again with results of a gas attack If you could hear, at every jolt, the blood Come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs, The choice of words used here gives the effect from the froth- corrupted lungs corrupted means polluted and infected these words are very strong and give the impression that this soldier will die without having any available cure. The poet has chosen to portray the truth, as it really was none of the poem has any romanticised features to it. Obscene as cancer, bitter as the cud follows on from the previous quote. The simile of Obscene as cancer shows again the true destructive effects of the gas attack as cancer is one of the worst diseases in the world and to have used it as a likeness to a gas attack shows the horrific conditions of the First World War. Adding to this simile is another bitter as the cud this simile is compared to how a cow would regurgitate food. Comparing the soldiers to a cow shows the close resembl ance between the gas effects and a farmyard animal. .ua4bb2c463f7625c7ca4840dd97a946d4 , .ua4bb2c463f7625c7ca4840dd97a946d4 .postImageUrl , .ua4bb2c463f7625c7ca4840dd97a946d4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua4bb2c463f7625c7ca4840dd97a946d4 , .ua4bb2c463f7625c7ca4840dd97a946d4:hover , .ua4bb2c463f7625c7ca4840dd97a946d4:visited , .ua4bb2c463f7625c7ca4840dd97a946d4:active { border:0!important; } .ua4bb2c463f7625c7ca4840dd97a946d4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua4bb2c463f7625c7ca4840dd97a946d4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua4bb2c463f7625c7ca4840dd97a946d4:active , .ua4bb2c463f7625c7ca4840dd97a946d4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua4bb2c463f7625c7ca4840dd97a946d4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua4bb2c463f7625c7ca4840dd97a946d4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua4bb2c463f7625c7ca4840dd97a946d4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua4bb2c463f7625c7ca4840dd97a946d4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua4bb2c463f7625c7ca4840dd97a946d4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua4bb2c463f7625c7ca4840dd97a946d4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua4bb2c463f7625c7ca4840dd97a946d4 .ua4bb2c463f7625c7ca4840dd97a946d4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua4bb2c463f7625c7ca4840dd97a946d4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A mysterious character EssayThe condition mud is used in from: Counter-Attack face downward in the sucking mud Sucking mud sounds as if the mud is alive and is absorbing the soldiers into their graves. The effect of this is that there is no care for life on the battlefield and that when you die you are immediately forgotten as the mud sucks you down. The words have been chosen for this reason. Wallowed and Bulged are also words referring to mud Bulged means you swell up with water or in this case with mud, this gives another ghastly view of the battlefield conditions. Clotted heads slept in the plastering slime clotted heads show how close the dead soldiers are together us ing slept in the sentence could mean that some of the bodies are still alive and that the odd few are still twitching as you would in your sleep. Plastering slime is the hardening mud surrounding the soldiers I think plastering is a very good choice of wording because it gives the image of the stiffening mud but also adding slime contradicts it as slime is runny and wet so the overview of this image is an uneven sea of dead soldiers. Fatigue is featured in two of the poems in Dulce et Decorum est The enjambment in the first stanza is used to slow down the pace in which you read the poem. This method has been used to give the feel of tiredness that the soldiers on the battlefield are suffering. A word used to convey fatigue is trudge with this word you associate a very slow, dragging movement that has no thought to it. Men marched asleep this metaphor follows on from the use of trudge with the soldiers movements being sluggish and the soldiers having no awareness of where they are going. Drunk with fatigue; this metaphor is used to convey the sheer tiredness of soldiers it is used very well as when you are drunk you are falling about and you find it hard to stand up, speak and remember where you are. All the above quotes are showing how the soldiers are absolutely exhausted but have the stamina to carry on. In from; Counter-attack the soldiers are Pallid, unshaved and thirsty, blind with smoke The soldiers would be pale from not having sleep for days on end. They would not have been able to shave and the smoke from shells and gas would make your eyes weary and opaque. This shows how alert the soldiers must be at all times on the battlefield. In Dulce et Decorum est noise is represented in the form of shells. Of tired, outstripped Five-Nines that dropped behind. By saying that the shells are tired it shows the wearisome length of the First World War. The choice of wording for how the shells landed also shows exhaustion in the First World War. The word dropped has no direction or destination as you would think a shell would have. This is because of the wearisome length of the war and how everyone and everything is exhausted. In Anthem for Doomed Youth noise is coming from the gunfire and shells. Only the stuttering rifles rapid rattle Two methods are used to depict this condition. Onomatopoeia where the words used rapid rattle are the sound that the guns make giving a very quick reading of the words. This contrasts to the tiredness of the shells. The second being alliteration which adds to the effect of the sound by having both words starting with the same letter so the sentence it said quicker reflecting the sounds that a machine gun would make. These methods have been used to give the reader a more pragmatic view of the harsh sounds of how these weapons lead to some soldiers being killed, as they could not handle the continuous noise. The shrill, demented choirs of wailing shells this description of the shells is showing them as being high pitched and uncontrolled. Referring to the shells as demented choirs Wilfred Owen has used personification. A choir is usually in harmony and is pitched just right. But if it werent then you would get a horrible piercing sound, which is the sound that the shells are making. .u514833fd3a0333b7b65956311990aa98 , .u514833fd3a0333b7b65956311990aa98 .postImageUrl , .u514833fd3a0333b7b65956311990aa98 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u514833fd3a0333b7b65956311990aa98 , .u514833fd3a0333b7b65956311990aa98:hover , .u514833fd3a0333b7b65956311990aa98:visited , .u514833fd3a0333b7b65956311990aa98:active { border:0!important; } .u514833fd3a0333b7b65956311990aa98 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u514833fd3a0333b7b65956311990aa98 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u514833fd3a0333b7b65956311990aa98:active , .u514833fd3a0333b7b65956311990aa98:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u514833fd3a0333b7b65956311990aa98 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u514833fd3a0333b7b65956311990aa98 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u514833fd3a0333b7b65956311990aa98 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u514833fd3a0333b7b65956311990aa98 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u514833fd3a0333b7b65956311990aa98:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u514833fd3a0333b7b65956311990aa98 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u514833fd3a0333b7b65956311990aa98 .u514833fd3a0333b7b65956311990aa98-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u514833fd3a0333b7b65956311990aa98:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Robert Gray Poetry Analysis EssayIn conclusion I think in the three poems I have looked at Dulce et Decorum est, Anthem for Doomed Youth and from; Counter-attack did convey the conditions of the First World War well. I found it interesting the way the poems took different views to the war like Anthem for Doomed Youth did not just focus on the war but the effects it had on the people left at home. Compared to the other two that just showed the harsh reality of the conditions on the battlefield and First World War, and how no one at home in Britain new the truth of what their men suffered through.

102LON_Week_Presentation_-_Formative_Feedback_Form Essays

102LON_Week_3_Presentation_-_Formative_Feedback_Form Essays NOTE TO ALL STUDENTS: Please use the information above to review & improve your future group work. 102LON Week 3 Presentation Peer Assessed Formative Feedback Student Name & Id 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. DATE: During the presentation the group provided evidence of (please tick): Excellent Good Average Poor Not evidenced Overview of how group members view their emotions Evidence of understanding what emotional intelligence is Evidence of personal development and reflection on emotional intelligence & the importance of it to organisations Evidence of independent research/work carried out towards the presentation Evidence of personal learning and personal development planning for the presentation (confidence during delivery) Students overall presentation/communication skills/ability Clarity/coherence of the presentation Overall Comments/Areas for Development: NOTE TO ALL STUDENTS: Please use the information above to review & improve your future group work. Please use this separate page for additional comments.

STUDENT RESPONSE 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

STUDENT RESPONSE 3 - Assignment Example Successful recovery in economic vitality for local communities is known to synchronize local goals to larger market forces as it was before the disaster happened. Economic vitality brings with it opportunities to transform businesses and have pre-disaster planning. A disaster disorients a community and disrupts its running. To maintain its continuity and smooth recovery, it is important to formulate short term strategies for survival to manage the crisis while long term recovery is planned slowly (Haddow, Bullock, & Coppola, 2007). Introducing and implementing emergency legislation is connected to crisis management as it helps to achieve a balance in achieving sustainability. In hurricane Katrina for example, the trucks that were delayed to provide papers would not have been necessary if the people had pertinent knowledge from pre event and post event planning (Canton, 2007). After a disaster, there is pressure to act fast and almost furiously to return to normal. This may result in redevelopment processes being pursued without much attention to the environment and social equity (Claire, Saperstein, & Barbee, 1985). If so, the same unsustainable situation that was the cause of the disaster will be recreated. During crisis management, it is imp ortant to demonstrate long-term economic benefit and at the same time support short term activities geared towards economic improvement. Infusion of policies, programs, and legislation is a necessity to achieve this balance and to ensure a holistic recovery of the

In what ways did the early Christians Ecumenical Councils develop the Research Paper

In what ways did the early Christians Ecumenical Councils develop the Churchs understanding of Jesus - Research Paper Example The first Ecumenical Council known as Nicea, dates 325 AD. It was summoned by Emperor Constantine the great. This meeting was called to resolve the Arian controversy. Arius, a priest from Alexandria, held that Jesus Christ was created by God and was denying Christ’s divinity. He argued that if Jesus was born, then there was a time he did not exist. However, during this meeting, the Nicene Creed which formulated that Jesus is divine, as the father, and was with the father from the very first moment of creation was adopted. Sunday was fixed as the date for celebration of Easter. This first part of the creed enabled the church and the entire Christian fraternity understand the divinity of Jesus as the Son of God. The Constantinople I Ecumenical Council which dates 381 AD was called by Emperor Theodosius who sought to establish teachings on the unity of the holy Trinity and the complete Manhood in Christ. This meeting confirmed the teachings of Nicea and expanded the doctrine that the Holy Spirit is also fully divine; thus the trinity has one divine nature but three distinct â€Å"persons†. The Council condemned Macedonius’ teaching that the Holy Spirit was not a person, but simply a power of God. This second part of the creed defined the divinity of the Holy Spirit and the concept of holy trinity. This became the base of Christian faith (Thomas, 92). During the third Ecumenical Council convened at Ephesus in 431 AD, the Council condemned the doctrines of Nestorios, Archbishop of Constantiple, who over-emphasized the human nature of Christ at the expense of his divine nature. He taught that the Virgin Mary gave birth to a man and not God. On the contrary, the Ecumenical Council adopted that Mary is the mother of God and Jesus has both divine and human nature, but in his one person. The Council also proclaimed that Lord Jesus Christ,

Is it necessary to stop speaking and using a native language in order Essay

Is it necessary to stop speaking and using a native language in order to identify with a new culture - Essay Example Cultural awareness involves knowledge of cultures around a person while cultural sensitivity involves ability to identify cultural trends and to adjust to needs in a cultural set up. It is therefore important to identify possible differences between one’s native culture and a new culture and to understand effects of the differences. In cases where language difference is a barrier to cross cultural interaction, a speaker must identify differences in language and respond by refraining from speaking in the native language. This will ensure effective interaction between a speaker and members of a new culture. However, if the native language is not offensive to members of the new culture, and especially if the language is pleasing to the members, then its use is likely to facilitate cross cultural cohesion and the language should be

Anti-Inflammatory Drug Tests

Anti-Inflammatory Drug Tests The method described by Lorke with slight modification was used to determine the safety of the MEA. Briefly, normal healthy male mice were divided into groups of five mice in each cage. MEA (100 and 1000 mg/kg) or vehicle were intraperitoneally administered. Access to food and water, toxic symptoms and the general behavior of mice were observed continuously for 1 h after the treatment, intermittently for 4 h, and thereafter over a period of 24 h. The mice were further observed for up to 14 days following treatment for any signs of toxicity and mortality. Result Over the study duration of 14 days, there were no deaths recorded in the groups of mice given 100 or 1000 mg/kg IP of MEA. During the observation period, MEA administration did not induce any variations in the general appearance or toxic signs in the animals. The writhing test has long been used as a screening tool for the assessment of analgesic or anti-inflammatory properties of new substances (Collier et al., 1968). This method presents a good sensitivity, although it has poor specificity. To avoid misinterpretation of the results, in the present study the antinociceptive effects of MEA were confirmed in the formalin test, a model of inflammatory pain which has two distinctive phases which may indicate different types of pain (Hunskaar and Hole, 1987). The early and late phases of formalin test have obvious differential properties, and therefore this test is useful not only for assessing the analgesic substances, but also for elucidating the mechanism of analgesia (Shibata et al., 1989). The early phase,  named non-inflammatory pain, is a result of direct stimulation of nociceptors and reflects centrally-mediated pain; the late phase,  named inflammatory pain, is caused by local inflammation with a release of inflammatory and hyper algesic mediators (Hunskaar  and Hole, 1987). The thermal model of the tail-flick test is considered to be a spinal reflex, but could also involve higher neural structures, and therefore this method identifies mainly central analgesics (Jensen and Yaksh, 1986; Le Bars et al., 2001). Due to their implication in virtually all human and animal diseases, inflammation and pain have become the focus of global scientific research. Adverse effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and opioids have necessitated the search for new drugs with minimal side effects (Dharmasiri et al.,2003; Vittalrao et al., 2011). The current trend of research is the investigation of medicines of plant origin because of their affordability and accessibility with minimal side effects. The thermal model of the tail-flick test is considered to be a spinal reflex, but could also involve higher neural structures, and therefore this method identifies mainly central analgesics (Jensen and Yaksh, 1986; Le Bars et al., 2001). The analgesic activity of Cyathula prostrata in this study was investigated using the hot plate and mouse writhing tests. The hot plate test is useful for the evaluation of centrally acting analgesics which are known to elevate the pain threshold of mice towards  heat (Hiruma-Lima et al., 2000). It also indicates narcotic involvement with opioid receptor (Turner, 1965). The writhing model is a sensitive method for screening peripheral analgesic efficacy agents and it is more sensitive to non-steroidal analgesics (Collier et al., 1963). The analgesic effect of acetic acid is due to the liberation and increased level of several mediators such as histamine and serotonin which act by stimulation of peripheral nociceptive neurons (Cui et al., 2010). Over the centuries, phytopharmaceuticals have been utilized by different communities of the world [1]. Acetic acid-induced writhing is a well recommended protocol in evaluating medicinal agents for their analgesic property. The pain induction caused by liberating endogenous substances as well as some other pain mediators such as arachidonic acid via cyclooxygenase, and prostaglandin biosynthesis [10,23]. This pain paradigm is widely used for the assessment of peripheral analgesic activity due to its sensitivity and response to the compounds at a dose which is not effective in other methods. The local peritoneal receptor could be the cause of abdominal writhings [24]. Pain sensation in acetic acid induced writhing paradigm is elicited by producing localized inflammatory response due to release of free arachidonic acid from tissue phospholipids via cyclo-oxygenase (COX), and producing prostaglandin specifically PGE2 and PGF2ÃŽ ±, the level of lipoxygenase products may also increases in peritoneal fluids [10,23]. These prostaglandin and lipoxygenase products cause inflammation and pain b y increasing capillary permeability. The substance inhibiting the writhings will have analgesic effect preferably by inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, a peripheral mechanism of pain inhibition [23]. Thermal nociception models such as hot plat and the tail immersion tests were used to evaluate central analgesic activity. The management of pain and inflammation related problems is a real challenge that people face daily. Although several drugs are available for these conditions, medicinal plants are believed to be an important source of new chemical substances with potential therapeutic effects (Gupta et al., 2006). Formalin test The formalin test was carried out as described by Santos and Calixto, (1997). Groups of mice (n=5) were treated with HAAE (150 and 200 mg/kg), HAME (150 and 200 mg/kg), Aspirin (100 mg/kg), Morphine (10 mg/kg) and distilled water. Formalin (1% v/v) was injected into the sub-plantar region of the right hind paw of the animals, one hour post treatment. The duration of paw licking was measured for 0-5 minutes (neurogenic phase) and 15-30 minutes (inflammatory phase) after formalin administration. Result The formalin test exhibited the characteristic biphasic response. Phase 1 response which was recorded from the time of formalin injection and 5 minutes post-injection was not affected by either extract at either dose level. Morphine however, showed significant (p minutes post formalin injection. The extracts of HAAE (150 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) and HAME (150 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) as well as aspirin and morphine showed significant (p Acetic acid induces pain by the release of endogenous mediators of pain such as prostaglandin through the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX) (Satyanarayana et al., 2004; Ballou et al., 2000). Therefore this model of pain should be inhibited by peripheral analgesics through the inhibition of COX activity. Our results therefore show that the higher doses of HAAE and HAME have peripheral analgesic properties similar to aspirin by inhibition of the release of endogenous pain mediators The formalin test is said to be a model of pain which closely resembles clinical pain compared to the other nociceptive models (Tjolsen and Hole, 1997). This test has two distinct phases: the first phase (neurogenic pain) due to direct chemical stimulation of nociceptors, results from the stimulation of myelinated and unmyelinated nociceptive afferent fibers, mainly C fibers, which can be suppressed by opioid analgesic drugs like morphine (Sayyah et al., 2004). The second or late phase seems to be an inflammatory response which elicits inflammatory pain and can be inhibited by anti-inflammatory drugs (Young at al., 2005). The second phase is caused by the release of inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins and histamine in the peripheral tissues, as well as functional changes in the neurons, of the spinal cord which may facilitate transmission in the spinal cord (Franca et al., 2001; Garcia et al., 2004) Cotton pellet induced granuloma tissue formation FPEO, BPEO and diclofenac sodium were orally administered for 16 consecutive days in Groups III-VII. On eighth day, the animals (Groups II-VII) were mildly anaesthetised with ether, four sterile cotton pellets (50 mg) were subcutaneously implanted in the dorsal region of the rats and two at the axilla and two at the groin regions. On 16th day, all the rats were killed using anaesthetic ether and the cotton pellets were dissected out without affecting the surrounding granuloma tissues (Winter and Porter 1957). Chronic inflamed tissues (from axilla and groin regions) were excised and stored in 0.9% saline at -20_C for biochemical analysis. The moist pellets were weighed and then dried at 60_C for 48 h and then again reweighed. The percentage reduction in cotton pellets weight of the test samples was observed and compared with that of respective cotton pellet and diclofenac sodium treated groups. This provides a measure to assess the anti -inflammatory effect of the test samples. Experimental design Seven groups were employed in the present anti-inflammatory study. Each group consists of six rats and experimental protocol included 16 days study. Each group of animals was employed with sterile cotton pellets (50 mg each) implantation in the dorsal region of rats at eighth day. Group I (vehicle control group): 1% of carboxy methyl cellulose (1 mL, p.o.) was administered to the rats for 16 consecutive days. Group II (negative control group): four sterile cotton pellets, 50 mg each were implanted in the dorsal region of rats at eighth day. Group III (positive control group): reference standard drug and diclofenac sodium (12.5 mg/kg, p.o.) were administered to the rats for 16 consecutive days. Groups IV-VII (test groups): rats were pretreated with free and bound phenolic compounds of E. officinalis (20 and 40 mg/kg, p.o.) for 16 consecutive days. Result Effect of E. officinalis on granulomatous tissue formation Table 1 shows the effect of FPEO and BPEO on granulomatous tissue changes due to cotton pellet induced chronic inflammation. Changes in the cotton pellets weight (wet weight-dry weight) of the test samples were compared with the cotton pellet and diclofenac sodium (12.5 mg/kg) treated groups. Pretreatment (i.e. on days 1-8) of diclofenac and the phenolic fractions of E. officinalis did not show any behavioral changes. Both the fractions have shown reduction in granulomatous tissue mass as compared to cotton pellet treated group. However, only high doses (40 mg/kg) of each fraction have shown  significant (p.05) reduction which was comparable to that of diclofenac sodium pretreated group. The hot plate method is very effective for evaluating drugs possessing analgesic property, which act centrally (Vale et al., 1999; Haque et al., 2001; Silva et al., 2003; Al-Naggar et al., 2003). Prolongation of reaction time in hot plate test inferred possible central analgesic effects of the oil. The oil increased the reaction time significantly at the dose levels used compared to control group. Acetic Acid-induced writhing has been used to evaluate drugs possessing peripheral analgesic effects (Koster et al., 1959; Viana et al., 2000). Acetic acid has been reported to cause hyperalgesia by liberating endogenous substances such as prostaglandins, leukotrieines, 5-HT, histamine, kinins, H+ and K+, etc. which have been implicated in the mediation of pain perception (Forth et al., 1986; Rang et al., 1999). Yin et al (2003) reported that many studies have shown that the earlier phase (1st phase) of formalininduced pain reflects the direct effect of formalin on nociceptors whereas the late phase (2nd phase) reflects inflammatory pain, which has been linked to prostaglandin synthesis (Hong and Abbot, 1995; Yin, et al., 2003). Opioid analgesics have been reported to possess antinociceptive effects in both phases having more effect at the 2nd phase (Le Bars et al., 2001). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) such as indomethacin is said to be effective only in the 1st phase especially if the formalin is injected at high concentration (Yashpal and Coderre, 1998). In this study, the oil dose-dependently inhibited nociception induced in the Formalin Test significantly compared to control group in the 1st phase (neurogenic) and 2nd phase (inflammatory). These results therefore further suggest that the oil contain constituents that exhibit anti-inflammatory properties Commonly used Non-Steroidal anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAID) such as aspirin and indomethacin are widely used to reduce swelling associated with pain and inflammation through inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by direct effect on cyclo-oxygenase (COX) in the arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism (Amos et al., 2001; Nwafor and Okwuasaba, 2003) Inflammation is a disorder involving localized increases in the number of leukocytes and a variety of complex mediator molecules [4]. Prostaglandins are ubiquitous substances that indicate and modulate cell and tissue responses involved in inflammation. Their biosynthesis has also been implicated in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, colonic adenomas and Alzheimers disease [5,6]. Medicinal plants are believed to be an important source of new chemical substances with potential therapeutic effects [7,8]. The research into plants with alleged folkloric use as pain relievers, antiinflammatory agents, should therefore be viewed as a fruitful and logical research strategy in the search for new analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs [9]. Acute toxicity test The animals were divided into six groups containing eight animals in each group. MEPA was suspended in normal saline and administered orally as a single dose to groups of mice at different concentrations (500, 750, 1000, 1250, 1500 and 2000 mgkg-1 b.w). These animals were observed for a 72 h period. The number of deaths was expressed as a percentile and the LD50 was determined by probit a test using the death percentage versus the log dose [12]. Result Acute toxicity test In the acute toxicity assay no deaths were observed during the 72 h period at the doses tested. At these doses, the animals showed no stereotypical symptoms associated with toxicity, such as convulsion, ataxy, diarrhoea or increased diuresis. The median lethal dose (LD50) was determined to be higher than highest dose tested i.e., 2.0 gkg-1 b.w. Cotton pellet-induced granuloma The cotton pellets-induced granuloma in rats was studied according to the method DArcy et al., 1960 [16]. The animals were divided into four groups of six animals in each group. The rats were anaesthetized and sterile cotton pellets weighing 10  ± 1 mg were implanted subcutaneously into both sides of the groin region of each rat. Group I served as control and received the vehicle (0.9% NaCl, 5 mlkg-1 b.w. The extract MEPA at the concentration of 250 and 500 mgkg-1 b.w was administered orally to groups II and III animals for seven consecutive days from the day of cotton pellet implantation. Group IV animals received indomethacin at a dose of 10 mgkg-1 b.w for the same period. On 8th day the animals were anaesthetized and the pellets together with the granuloma tissues were carefully removed and made free from extraneous tissues. The wet pellets were weighed and then dried in an oven at 60 °C for 24 h to constant weight, after that the dried pellets were weighed again. Increment in the dry weight of the pellets was taken as a measure of granuloma formation The antiproliferative effect of MEPA was compared with  control. Statistical analysis The values were expressed as mean  ± S.E.M. The statistical significance was determined by using the student t-test [17]. Values of P Result Cotton pellets-induced granuloma The effects of MEPA and indomethacin on the proliferative phase of inflammation are shown in table 1. A significant reduction in the weight of cotton pellets was observed with MEPA (250 and 500 mgkg-1 b.w) compared to the vehicle treated rats. However the degree of reduction was less than the effect caused by indomethacin. The cotton pellet method is widely used to evaluate the transudative and proliferative components of the chronic inflammation. The wet weight of the cotton pellets correlates with the transuda; the dry weight of the pellets correlates with the amount of the granulomatous tissue [20,21]. Administration of MEPA (250 and 500 mgkg-1 b.w) and indomethacin (10 mgkg-1 b.w) appear to be effective in inhibiting the wet weight of cotton pellet. On the other hand, the MEPA effect on dry weight of the cotton pellet was almost near to that of indomethacin. These data support the hypothesis of the greater effect of the MEPA on the inflammation in rats. This effect may be due to the cellular migration to injured sites and accumulation of collagen an mucopolysaccharides.

Co-education Female Essay

The debatable issue on Co-education is continually progressing through the State and convincing parents and teachers that sex-separation will reveal a sign of improvement in student’s lives. In the United States, teamwork is a massive aspect in people’s lives where both girls and boys work together in order to achieve their goal , however, both articles provide informative proves that co-education could result in failure because of the different stereotypes in society. The debate mainly focuses on the separation of both sexes in school since â€Å"there is no extra cost. The debate also catches the reader’s attention by the different research that many scientists did in order to prove a fair result that will satisfy the parents and teachers. The separation of sexes in school could result in improvement of education and behavior with boys and girls. Based on Jennifer Medina’s article, teachers will face less problems if both sexes are separated since the boys will tend to focus more on learning than on girls, in addition, girls will tend to feel more comfortable participating in class. Co-education will also result in good teamwork especially in the outside community because both girls and boys will learn to communicate. However, from the boy’s point of view, they will tend to be more comfortable in expressing themselves and learn about â€Å"being a man† in their own bodies. In addition to those articles, the media will affect the parents and the teachers around the state because of highly known and educative people in society. For example, Leonard Sax who is a best seller author of Why Gender Matters and Michael Sax argues about single sex with a huge audience in order to prove their facts about the separation and the importance of it. In contrast, both sex educations could also result in improvement around the state and in schools because boys and girls will learn to communicate together and work hard as one community. In addition, many authors and scientist were seeking for evidence in order to prove that Co-education could be for the good of their community. For example, a research on Bronx’s Eagle school stated that both sexes’ classes tend to have higher test scores around the state and tend to receive high percentages in their community. Both sexes will also learn and appreciate that both sexes are important in everyone’s lives since they communicate and work together outside of the learning community. Researchers also proved that working together as both sexes will also result a sign improvement in teamwork because many girls tend to be left out in single-sex schools in teamwork projects. Comparatively, Co-Education and single education also have their problems in society because of their lack of certain teachings in schools. For example , a study showed that girls tend to be smarter than boys and tend to solve math and science faster and more accurate since there are different brains and each person have a different sign of knowledge and personality. However, since girls are smarter, they tend to ask for more detailed teachings and writing scripts since they will have more things to explain in their writing assignment. When in contrast, boys have to write about a simple sport or a job they seek for in order to prepare them for the future. Although, teachers who support single education tend to have other opinions toward their ways of teaching. For example, Mr. Napolitano claims that he is more comfortable in expressing his feelings and thoughts while teaching to single sex classrooms because the boys will tend to have the same situation. In addition he also shows a book called Patrol Boy in order to show boys that having a tattoo is not a material they should use in co-ed class. In conclusion, this debate tends to prove that single education will show more improvements since the media tend to support it and also the teachers. The reasons that parents should choose single education is because they will improve economically and also their students will face less behavior problems and more school focused. However, co-ed schools tend to have higher scores and will teach the students to work together in order to improve their speech especially outside in society since they will be working together as one team. Both articles prove that both educations will result in bonding together as students and as teachers in this society because at the end of this debate both classrooms will be teaching and learning in the states.